A rendering of what a bird-inspired robot might look like. (Photo: Freepik)
For millennia, humans have forged deep and complex relationships with animals, utilising them to serve various purposes. Early civilisations domesticated dogs for hunting and protection, and cattle for farming and food.
Today, man is channelling the abilities of living organisms through bio-inspired robotics. Think of robots that can soar like birds, crawl like insects, or swim like fish.
Why do we need such robots?
Because being modelled after the abilities and movements of animals allows them to tackle challenges that traditional machines cannot.
HTX is at the forefront of this technology, with its Robotics, Automation and Unmanned Systems Centre of Expertise (RAUS CoE) exploring various bio-inspired robot forms and applications to boost public safety. Here, engineer Joseph Wong and his teammates are developing a surveillance drone that could fly like a bird – this drone is rigged with a pair of wings that flap up and down to generate lift (to stay in the air) and thrust (to move forward).
“Like their natural counterparts, bio-inspired robotic birds have the potential to emit a very low-decibel and low-pitch noise, and hence are useful for covert surveillance operations,” explained Joseph.
“They are also exceptionally manoeuvrable and can execute complex aerial manoeuvers such as rapid directional changes, hovering, darting, and pulling up from dives,” he added.
Bio-inspired robots in dynamic, dangerous environments
Bio-inspired robots wield several advantages over traditional robots, particularly in their ability to adapt to complex, dynamic environments. For example, SPYDER, conceptualised by HTX’s RAUS CoE and the Police Coast Guard (PCG), and developed by ST Engineering, is a hull climbing robot that uses magnetic tracks to efficiently traverse the ship's hull.
Instagram reel by HTX Singapore (@htxsg). Opens in a new tab.
Drawing inspiration from nature, SPYDER's design mimics the movement of creatures adept at climbing vertical surfaces. This innovative robot enhances the Home Team's ship-boarding operations by deploying a ladder once in position and using a robotic arm to secure a titanium hook to the hull, ensuring a stable and secure boarding process.
Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have programmed snake robots to weave their way through rubble and around obstacles using vertical and horizontal body waves, enabled by perpendicular joints. (Photo: Carnegie Mellon University)
Humanoid robots, another bio-inspired innovation, are emerging as a prominent area of interest. Unlike traditional robots typically designed for single-purpose tasks, these bio-inspired robots are increasingly capable of performing multiple functions.
Joseph explained that, unlike industrial robots with task-specific end-effectors (the device attached to the end of a robotic arm), an anthropomorphic humanoid hand replicating the joint movements of the human hand achieves greater dexterity, allowing it to perform a diverse range of tasks. When integrated with an advanced tactile sensor array, such robots can provide operators with realistic haptic feedback – using vibrations or pressure stimuli to simulate the sensation of touch.
This feedback system is naturally more intuitive, as the force sensations from each robotic finger can be directly mapped onto the operator's hand. Besides allowing the robot to handle delicate objects, tactile feedback enables the detection of unexpected forces, such as collisions, and quick responses to fulfill the required task.
In the context of public safety, humanoid robots can perform key functions such as handling suspicious objects, interacting with dangerous materials, and conducting searches.
“These tasks are simple for a human but involve a sequence of actions that are complex for a robot due to the precision and dexterity required,” said Joseph.
“For example, when handling suspicious objects, humanoid robots can unzip unattended bags and manipulate objects of irregular shapes,” he said. “In a hazmat sampling operation, such robots can unscrew and tighten the cap on test tube samples, and even extend their limbs or rotate their torsos to retrieve items from difficult-to-reach areas,” he added.
Robotic hands equipped with tactile sensor arrays can provide operators with haptic feedback and simulate the sensation of touch, making them useful for tasks like unzipping unattended bags. (Photo: Freepik)
By taking on these dangerous and intricate tasks, humanoid robots not only remove Home Team officers from operational risks and hazardous environments but also allow frontline officers to focus on higher-level decision-making and critical actions at the scene.
One such bio-inspired robot that may soon join forces with Home Team officers on the frontline is Rover-X, a four-legged robotic dog (quadruped robot) equipped with sensors and capable of autonomous movement over varied terrain. It was jointly developed by HTX in collaboration with Klass Engineering and Solutions, Ghost Robotics, and A*STAR’s Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R).
“A legged robot is able to climb stairs and move over curbs, gaps, and other obstacles, which makes it useful for outdoor operations such as search and rescue, where it can navigate rubble-filled disaster sites or post-blast scenes,” said Joseph.
He further revealed that his team is working on mounting a robotic arm onto a quadruped robot to conduct hazmat sampling tasks such as pouring liquids into test tubes and obtaining air samples from suspected chemical sources.
“To carry out such hazardous tasks, hazmat operators typically don Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) suits that limit their vision and dexterity, so this technology can help them perform tasks more effectively during missions,” explained Joseph.
In the same vein, Rover-X is currently being trialled for chemical leak inspections. Additionally, it can potentially be dispatched to scan environments for threats such as unattended baggage and people in unauthorized areas, leveraging video analytics.
A work in progress
While bio-inspired robots hold numerous promising applications in public safety, developing such technologies poses many challenges. Joseph shared that, although flapping-wing drones generate lift efficiently at low speeds, they tend to be less efficient than fixed-wing or rotor-based drones when lifting heavier loads.
The complex, dynamic motion of the wings required for flapping flight demands significant energy, limiting the capacity to carry heavy equipment like sensors and cameras.
Moreover, mimicking the precise motion of a bird’s wings presents significant challenges.
“To generate lift, birds adjust the acceleration and angle of attack of their wings at different phases of the flapping cycle. The airflow and forces acting on the animal are governed by unsteady aerodynamics, unlike the steady-state aerodynamics of fixed-wing or quadcopter drones, where the airflow around the drone’s body can be assumed to be time-independent,” he said.
This complexity makes designing and optimizing a flapping wing system particularly difficult. To navigate this, Joseph relied on empirical formulas from successful flapping-wing drones and the scaling laws of natural fliers to design and optimize their machine’s dimensions.
Perhaps more exciting for the Home Team is the potential to incorporate bio-inspired robots into swarm robotics, an emerging field that RAUS CoE is actively exploring.
Not exactly a robot, but HTX’s cyborg cockroach has already been deployed to disaster zones to help with search and rescue efforts. (Photo: SCDF)
Here is one potential future scenario he envisioned — a flock of flapping-wing drones equipped with cameras and thermal sensors surveying disaster zones, mapping obstacles, and identifying hotspots for further exploration. Meanwhile, ground-based platforms like quadruped robots navigate rubble and rough terrain to locate survivors, while bio-inspired snake robots access tight spaces.
While not exactly a robot, the cyborg cockroach developed by HTX, Klass Engineering Solutions, and Nanyang Technological University has already demonstrated how small creatures can assist in disaster zones.
For example, the cyborg roach was deployed to aid search and rescue efforts in Myanmar following the earthquake that struck the country in March.
